![]() Weller, “Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Fluxes for the Global Ice-Free Oceans (1981-2005),” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. Part II: Trends,” Journal of Cli- mate, Vol. Wallace, “Annular Modes in Extratropical Circulation. Wang, “Decadal Changes of Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean Associated with Antarctic Ozone Depletion,” Journal of Climate, Vol. Parkinson, “Antarctic Sea Ice Variability and Trends, 1979-2006,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. Walsh, “A Synthesis of Antarctic Temperatures,” Journal of Climate, Vol. Gille, “Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s,” Science, Vol. Rintoul, “Zonally Asymmetric Response of the Southern Ocean Mixed-Lay- er Depth to the Southern Annular Mode,” Nature Geoscience, Vol. Park, “Dynamics of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Sou- thern Ocean Diagnosed from a 2-D Mixed-Layer Model,” Climate Dynamics, Vol. Czaja, “Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Fluxes in the Southern Ocean: Mechanisms of Interannual Variability,” Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, Vol. Czaja, “Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the Path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current,” Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. Part I: Month-Month Variability,” Journal of Climate, Vol. Wallace, “Annular Modes in the Extratropical Circulation. Wang, “Definition of Antarctic Oscillation Index,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. Atlas, “A Comparison of Latent Heat Fluxes over Global Oceans for Four Flux Products,” Journal of Climate, Vol. Taylor, “New Insights into the Ocean Heat Budget Closure from Analysis of the SOC Air-Sea Flux Climatology,” Journal of Climate, Vol. Blanke, “The Global Conveyor Belt from a Southern Ocean Perspective,” Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. Turner, “Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.ĭ. But the residual trends in SHF over the Southern Ocean are not associated with the climate shift. The residual trends in LHF over the Southern Ocean may be explained by a climate shift in the late 1990s for the four seasons. The above four indices account for a small portion of the trend in LHF and SHF. The spatial patterns of the trends in LHF and SHF caused by the AAO, PSA1, PSA2 and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) indices show a wave-like feature, varying with different seasons, that can be explained by the anomalous meridional wind associated with the four indices. The spatial pattern and seasonal variation of the trends in SHF over the Southern Ocean are similar to those of LHF. Significant negative seasonal trends occur in LHF which differ among the four seasons. Significant positive annual trends in LHF occur over the Agulhas Current, the Brazil Current, the oceans in the vicinity of New Zealand and southern Australia, and the eastern Pacific Ocean near between 35?S and 40?S. In this study, the trends in latent and sensible heat fluxes (LHF and SHF) over the Southern Ocean (oceans south of 35?S) and the contributions of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Pacific-South America teleconnection patterns (PSA1 and PSA2) and The El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to these heat fluxes were investigated using the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) dataset from 1979 to 2008.
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